In 1960, Pacific Gas and Electric began operation of the first successful geothermal electric power station in the United States at The Geysers in California. The original turbine lasted for more than 30 years and produced 11 MW net power.

Gas added to the vapour space of the vessel or tank to prevent the forming of an explosive or ignitable vapour-air mixture.

Charging of the gas pad, usually nitrogen, above the liquid cargo to prevent the cargo coming in contact with air.

A padmount or pad-mounted transformer is a ground mounted electric power distribution transformer in a locked steel cabinet mounted on a concrete pad.

A liquid material applied or spread over a solid surface on which it subsequently dries or hardens to form a continuous, adherent, obliterating film.

Deep cracks in paint that expose substrate.

The complete number and type of coats applied in the painting job.

A wooden or steel flat tray for stocking goods in boxes, cartons or bags, can be stacked. Its function is to facilitate the movement the goods, mainly by use of forklift trucks.

A crane designed for handling pallets on refrigerated cargo vessels and others where cargo is carried in pallets.

The Panama Canal is approximately 80 kilometers long and connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

A special SOPEP manual requested by the Panama Canal Authorities.

A pancake slip ring has the conductors arranged on a flat disc as concentric rings centered on the rotating shaft.

One unit of a set of hatch cover closures.

The pulsation in and out of the bow and stern plating when a ship alternately rises and plunges deep into water.

A pantograph is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train or tram to collect power through contact with an overhead line.

A special cargo vessel designed to transport paper cargo. Paper carriers are often equipped with side loading system.

With a parabolic dish collector, one or more parabolic dishes concentrate solar energy at a single focal point, similar to the way a reflecting telescope focuses starlight, or a dish antenna focuses radio waves.

A parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver filled with a working fluid flowing through the receiver. The resulting heat source is used for power generation.

Paraffin wax (or petroleum wax) is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum, coal or oil shale that consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules containing between twenty and forty carbon atoms.

If two or more components are connected in parallel, they have the same difference of potential (voltage) across their ends.